Peanuts are warm season plants that thrive in full sun and loose, well-drained soil. They grow best in temperatures between 65 and 95 degrees Fahrenheit and require a long frost-free growing period to mature properly. Consistent watering is important during flowering and pod development, but the soil should never remain waterlogged. After the plant flowers, it produces structures called pegs that grow downward into the soil where the peanut pods develop underground. Because of this unique growth habit, loose soil is essential. Light mulching can help maintain moisture and suppress weeds. Peanuts require relatively little maintenance once established, though keeping the planting area weed-free helps reduce competition. With proper care, peanut plants produce multiple underground pods that can be harvested later in the season.

Peanuts are typically grown from raw, untreated peanut seeds planted directly into warm soil. Plant seeds about 1½ to 2 inches deep once soil temperatures reach at least 65 degrees Fahrenheit. Space seeds several inches apart in rows to allow room for spreading plants. Germination usually occurs within one to two weeks in warm conditions. Because peanuts grow underground pods, loose soil is important for early development. Avoid transplanting seedlings since peanuts establish best when directly sown in their final growing location. Consistent warmth and moderate soil moisture encourage healthy seedling growth.

Peanuts should be planted in full sun with sandy or loose soil that allows the pegs to easily penetrate the ground. Space plants about 8 to 12 inches apart to allow room for spreading growth. Raised beds are often ideal because they provide improved drainage and softer soil structure. Peanuts can also be grown in large containers if the pot is deep enough and filled with loose potting mix. Proper spacing and soil preparation are essential to allow the underground pods to form and mature successfully.

Peanuts are legumes and can fix nitrogen in the soil, which reduces the need for nitrogen-heavy fertilizers. Before planting, mix compost or organic matter into the soil to provide balanced nutrients and improve soil structure. Phosphorus and potassium are beneficial for root and pod development. Avoid excessive nitrogen fertilization because it may encourage leafy growth instead of pod production. Container-grown plants may benefit from occasional balanced fertilizer applications since nutrients can wash out during watering. Maintaining healthy soil conditions generally provides sufficient nutrition for peanut plants.

Peanuts are annual plants that cannot tolerate frost. They complete their entire life cycle in one growing season and naturally decline as temperatures cool in fall. After harvesting the pods, remove remaining plant material from the garden and compost healthy debris. Clearing the planting area helps prevent pests and diseases from overwintering in the soil. Adding compost at the end of the season helps prepare the soil for future crops.

Peanuts are ready for harvest when the leaves begin to yellow and the plants show signs of maturity. Carefully loosen the soil around the plant and pull the entire plant from the ground to reveal the pods attached to the roots. Shake off excess soil and allow the plants to dry for several days before removing the peanuts. After drying, pods can be cured further before storage. Pruning is generally unnecessary during the growing season, though removing damaged foliage may improve airflow and plant health.